IBMX

IBMX is an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs; IC₅₀ = 19, 50, 18, 13, 32, 7, and 50 µM for PDE1, PDE2, PDE3, PDE4, PDE5, PDE7, and PDE11, respectively). By inhibiting PDEs, IBMX increases cellular cAMP and cGMP levels, activating cyclic-nucleotide-regulated protein kinases.

DIFFERENTIATION
· Used in combination with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1, dopamine, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and forskolin to induce expression of the dopaminergic neuron marker tyrosine hydroxylase in neurons derived from the human NT2 cell line (Iacovitti et al.).
· Used in combination with dexamethasone, insulin, and indomethacin for in vitro induction of adipogenic differentiation of unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs), a CD45-negative population of stem cells isolated from human cord blood (Kögler et al.; Pittenger et al.).
· Induces neural differentiation from human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs; Tio et al.).
· Promotes the differentiation of rat neural progenitor cells (NPCs) into functional neurons in vitro (Lepski et al.).